BASIC PIP & PROFIT/LOSS CALCULATIONS
Understanding how to calculate pip value and profit/loss requires a basic knowledge of currency pairs and crosses. Please click on the appropriate link below for more information:
USD as Base Currency (ex. USD/CAD and USD/CHF whereby the U.S. Dollar is the first currency)
USD as Quote Currency (ex. EUR/USD and GBP/USD whereby the U.S. Dollar is the second currency)
Cross-Rates (ex. EUR/GBP and GBP/JPY whereby the U.S. Dollar is not involved)
*THE EXAMPLES BELOW ARE HYPOTHETICAL AND ARE FOR EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE MANY INHERENT LIMITATIONS, SOME OF WHICH ARE DESCRIBED BELOW. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT ANY ACCOUNT WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFITS OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN. IN FACT, THERE ARE FREQUENTLY SHARP DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS AND THE ACTUAL RESULTS ACHIEVED BY ANY PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM.
ONE OF THE LIMITATIONS OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS IS THAT THEY ARE GENERALLY PREPARED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. IN ADDITION, HYPOTHETICAL TRADING DOES NOT INVOLVE FINANCIAL RISK, AND NO HYPOTHETICAL TRADING RECORD CAN COMPLETELY ACCOUNT FOR THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL RISK IN ACTUAL TRADING. FOR EXAMPLE, THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND LOSSES OR TO ADHERE TO A PARTICULAR TRADING PROGRAM IN SPITE OF TRADING LOSSES ARE MATERIAL POINTS WHICH CAN ALSO ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS. THERE ARE NUMEROUS OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO THE MARKETS IN GENERAL OR TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANY SPECIFIC TRADING PROGRAM WHICH CANNOT BE FULLY ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE PREPARATION OF HYPOTHETICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS AND ALL OF WHICH CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT ACTUAL TRADING RESULTS.
USD AS BASE CURRENCY
. Most currencies are traded directly against the U.S. Dollar (USD), and these pairs are referred to as direct rates. An example is the USD/CAD (Canadian Dollar). The USD is the "base currency," the CAD is the "quote currency" and the rate quote is expressed as units per USD. An example of a direct rate is as follows: USD/CAD trading at 1.1500 means that 1 USD = 1.1500 CAD.Calculating Pip Value. Pip stands for "percentage in point" and refers to the smallest incremental price move of a currency. Tick size is the smallest possible change in price. Pip value is calculated according to the following formula:
pip = lot size x tick size / current rate
Example: 100,000 USD/JPY contract currently trading at 120.50:
1 pip = 100,000 (lot size) x .01 (tick size) / 120.50 (current rate) = USD $8.30
Calculating P/L (Profit/Loss). P/L is calculated as follows:
selling price - purchase price = P/L
Example: 100,000 USD/JPY contract initially bought at 120.50 then sold (closed) at 120.30:
120.30 (selling price) - 120.50 (purchase price) = -.20 pip difference = 20 pip loss
To further convert the above P/L to USD, use the above "Calculating Pip Value" as follows:
1 pip = 100,000 (lot size) x .01 (tick size) / 120.30 (current rate) = USD $8.31
Therefore: USD $8.31 (pip value) x 20 (pip loss) = USD $166.20 loss
USD AS QUOTE CURRENCY. Currency pairs where the USD is the quote currency are sometimes referred to as "inverse". This holds true for such currencies as the EUR (Eurodollar), GBP (Great British Pound aka Pound Sterling or Cable), NZD (New Zealand Dollar) and the AUD (Australian Dollar aka Aussie Dollar). *Please note that EUR/USD is sometimes referred to as "Euro-dollar" but should not be confused with Eurodollar futures contracts which are completely different. An example of an indirect rate is as follows: EUR/USD trading at 1.1700 means that 1 EUR = 1.17 USD.
Calculating Pip Value. Pip stands for "percentage in point" and refers to the smallest incremental price move of a currency. Tick size is the smallest possible change in price. Pip value is calculated according to the following formula:
pip = lot size x tick size
Example: 100,000 GBP/USD contract:
1 pip = 100,000 (lot size) x .0001 (tick size) = $10.00 USD
Calculating P/L (Profit/Loss). P/L is calculated as follows:
selling price - purchase price = P/L
Example: 200,000 GBP/USD contract initially bought at 1.7505 then sold (closed) at 1.7540:
1.7540 (selling price) - 1.7505 (purchase price) = +.0035 pip difference = 35 pip profit
To further convert the above P/L to USD, use the following calculation:
pip profit (loss) x lot size x tick size = USD profit (loss)
35 (pip profit) x 200,000 (lot size) x .0001 (tick size) = USD $700 profit
CROSS RATES. Currency pairs that do not involve the USD are referred to as cross rates. Even though the USD is not represented in the quote, the USD rate is usually used in the quote calculation. An example of a cross rate is the EUR/GBP. Again, the EUR is the base currency and the GBP is the quote currency.
Calculating Cross Rate Pip Value. Pip stands for "percentage in point" and refers to the smallest incremental price move of a currency. Tick size is the smallest possible change in price. The base quote is the current base pair quote. Pip value for cross rates are calculated according to the following formula:
pip = lot size x tick size x base quote / current rate
Example: 100,000 EUR/GBP contract currently trading at .6750, and EUR/USD currently trading at 1.1840:
1 pip = 100,000 (lot size) x .0001 (tick size) x 1.1840 (EUR/USD base quote) / .6750 (current rate) = USD $17.54
Calculating Cross Rate P/L (Profit/Loss). Calculating P/L for cross rates is calculated as follows:
selling price - purchase price = P/L
Example: 100,000 EUR/GBP contract initially sold at .6760 then bought (closed) at .6750:
.6760 (selling price) - .6750 (purchase price) = +.0010 pip difference = 10 pip profit
To further convert the above P/L to USD, use the above "Calculating Cross Rate Pip Value" as follows:
1 pip = 100,000 (lot size) x .0001 (tick size) x 1.1840 (EUR/USD base quote) / .6750 (current rate) = USD $17.54
Therefore: USD $17.54 (pip value) x 10 (pip profit) = USD $170.54 profit